Use human resources information systems (HRIS) and special studies to analyze sex-disaggregated data about the health workforce. This gender discrimination type may have the least readily available data, and it may require further exploration.

 

Suggested data analyses

• Special studies, qualitative methods, and surveys: Many people hesitate to report sexual harassment resulting in underestimates of its magnitude. Standard workforce statistics and reports generally do not directly reveal this form of discrimination. Conducting targeted interviews, focus group discussions, and surveys are useful. It is particularly important to ensure the confidentiality and anonymity of any findings, given the sensitivity of the topic.

For example, a special study conducted in Uganda found that that 32.1% of respondents, or almost one-third of the staff survey sample, reported that sexual harassment involving manager/supervisor expectations of sexual favors in order (for staff) to get a job, a good evaluation, a promotion, or a salary raise (i.e., quid pro quo sexual harassment) were “somewhat common” and “very common,” respectively.

 

Staff Perceptions on Expected Sexual Favors to a Manager or Supervisor to Get a Job, Good Evaluation, Promotion, or Salary Raise

 

• Number and type of sexual harassment complaints
  Where formal reporting procedures exist, regular review of the data (disaggregated by sex) can shape future action against sexual harassment. It is important to note that an increase in the number of reports may not necessarily indicate in increase in the number of cases, or a deterioration of the situation. It may mean that more people are reporting it, and that the sexual harassment reporting system is working.

Country examples

• India: A special qualitative study found that female health workers across cadres (e.g., physician, nurse) and facility levels reported experiencing sexual and other forms of workplace harassment. Incidents were perpetrated by colleagues, patients, and senior staff or supervisors. However, fewer than half made a formal complaint, possibly due to lack of awareness or confidence in the complaints mechanism, fear of retribution, or cultural norms.
• Rwanda: In a study, both male and female health workers reported being victims of verbal abuse, bullying, and physical attack, while more female health workers reported being sexually harassed.
• United States: A survey of medical school students and residents found that reported exposure to gender discrimination and sexual harassment affected significantly more women than men in their choice of career specialty and ranking of residency programs.